Rick,
westkoast is definitely right! The Taliban IS a political party in Afghanistan. It is also a radical, religious movement that spans across the borders in the Asian continent but actually took hold of political power in Afghanistan in the year 1996 after a ground campaign to crush Mujahadeen Warlords. Taliban is a Pashto (language of Afghanistan) word derived from an Arabic word meaning "Student".
They were first a religious movement that preferred an extreme, literal, and inflexible interpretation of the Qu'ran. Much like you would call the Evangelical or Charismatic movement here in the United States. The people of Afghanistan weary of decades of incessant infighting amongst the Mujahadeen Warlords, welcomed the Taliban and their promises of ridding the country of the violence and corruption perpetuated by these Warlord criminals. A political party was borne out of the struggle to supress these warlords and they achieved ultimate political power with the successful capture of Afghanistan's capital, Kabul.
They have stated that their ideological goal is to return the way of life of the Prophet 1400 years ago. Their hierarchy consists of Mullah Omar as "Commander of the Faithful" and various Mullahs that run the administration ministries (Health, Finance, etc). These men are of course part of the military leadership and, when called away to fight, leave their administrative posts behind. The civil services of government are practically non-existent. Cash to finance Taliban war efforts and government services is collected and dispersed by Mullah Omar WITHOUT bookkeeping. Their (MIS)interpretation of religious law (sharia's) has lead to the inhuman opression of women. They allowed "transportation mafia" out of Pakistan to strip abandoned factories for steel and cut down forests of trees (without reforestation) denuding the countryside. With the destruction of the economy and infrastructure, opium became the number 1 export out of the country. Afghanistan has become a literal wasteland because of these people.
How did this radical, religous fringe group made up of Southeastern Afghan refugee's and Pakistani students come to wield this power?
Ah the ugly truth. Military power and training within the Taliban was provided by an organization responsible for military readiness against sovient forces encroaching in the 1980s. This organization was ran by one Osama Bin Laden and came to be known years later as Al-Quaeda. Al-Quaeda was a fortuitous discovery made by the United States (Reagan Administration) as it now had a means to fight a proxy war against the Soviets. By 1987 65,000 tons of U.S.-made weapons and ammunition was entering Afghanistan EVERY SINGLE YEAR. The phrase, you reap what you sow, comes to mind.