From the premier bond trader, Bill Gross of Pimco.
http://www.pimco.com/LeftNav/Featured+Market+Commentary/IO/2008/Investment+Outlook+Bill+Gross+Sept+2008+Bull+Market.htmHere is an article on Mark-To-Market which, in my opinion at least, is what is driving the incredible deleveraging going, which is systemically driving financial markets to the brink. This is very reminiscent of the 1930's and
it does not have to be this way. Enron used Mark-to-Market in the up market of the late 1990's to further leverage themselves, while also hiding non-performing assets in SIV's, and you didn't know exactly where they stood. Once the market turned, and the mark-to-market went the other way, they had to deleverage overnight and the whole house of cards collapsed.
I am not a big fan of Alan Greenspan, but, (from the article)
Fair value accounting (mark-to-market) became all the rage in the early 1990s, including among such regulatory figures as SEC chairman Richard Breeden. But Alan Greenspan, in a 1990 note to Mr. Breeden, warned that the market-value accounting proposal could be damaging to the banking system. He said (according to economist Melanie L. Fein) that market-value accounting "could result in volatility in reported earnings and capital that is not indicative of the bank's true financial condition." He also said that problems posed by such accounting need to be "thoroughly studied and resolved before dramatic moves toward this accounting model are made."Lehman, Bears Stearns, Merrill, Freddie/Fannie are all being driven down by mark-to-market. Think of this in terms of you as a homeowner. You have a mortgage, and you are making your mortgage payments without fail. Market prices for similar homes (in other markets, and with mortgages completely different from yours) fall 30%, and now you owe more than the house is "worth" today. The bank calls and says you need to come up with the difference or they are calling in your mortgage, regardless of the fact that you are meeting your mortgage payment. We would have mortgages failing left and right, and the bank would be worse off by doing so. This is what mark-to-market is doing. You as the homeowner is not bleeding cash, and the bank is not bleeding cash, but the accounting rules say that effectively you are, so it forces liquidation and you are out of a house, have fewer assets, and the bank will start bleeding cash. Like I said above
it does not have to be this wayThe reality is we are in a death spiral right now, predominately as a result of mark-to-market accounting. Everytime you or anyone writes-down an asset (like a bundle of mortgages, or a CIV, or an SIV) then everyone has to write down their similar assets, even though there has been no cash loss. Anyone on the edge with their debt-equity requirements, or capitalization requirements, now can fall out of compliance. Once they fall out of compliance they are forced to liquidate assets to get back in compliance, but the process of liquidation further devalues their and everyone else's similar assets (by generating cash by selling assets to get in compliance, you drive yourself further out of compliance, because you have further asset devaluations, the death spiral). This then leads to a new round of deleveraging and asset sales, which causes the process to repeat itself. These companies are not bleeding cash. They have assets where foreclosure rates are perhaps 1%, but those perfectly good investments are being marked down 30-40-50%, not based upon the quality of the asset, but based upon the arcane rules of mark-to-market.
http://www.financialpost.com/analysis/columnists/story.html?id=6070c96c-7396-452c-b114-e236f196d5ff&k=91199